Premature ovarian failure (POF) is a common complication after hematopoietic stem cell transplantation in patients, which is mainly caused by ovarian toxicity induced by radiotherapy and chemotherapy, and involves complex mechanisms such as cells apoptosis, vascular injury, immune microenvironmental disturbances, oxidative stress and autophagy. POF has a profound impact on female patients' fertility and long-term quality of life, searching for effective ovarian repair methods is a critical issue that needs to be urgently addressed. Umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells (UC-MSCs) have become a hotspot for POF treatment in recent years due to their low immunogenicity and other advantages. Preclinical studies have shown that UC-MSCs demonstrate potential for repairing ovarian function through various mechanisms such as differentiation and tissue repair, promoting angiogenesis and anti-fibrosis, immune regulation and anti-inflammation, and antioxidation and autophagy regulation. Different routes of injection (e.g. intravenous and local) have shown significant efficacy. Nevertheless, clinical studies are still in the preliminary stage, only small- scale trials and case reports have demonstrated the efficacy of UC-MSCs. Their long-term safety and standardised therapeutic regimens still require further research and validation.