毛囊干细胞（HFSCs）是位于毛囊隆突区的成体干细胞，具备介导毛囊周期性再生和修复皮肤损伤组织的双重功能。研究表明，Wnt/β-catenin、骨形态发生蛋白（BMP）、音猬因子（Shh）相关的信号传导通路，与神经、代谢、力学和损伤微环境一起调控HFSCs的静息和激活；三维培养、类器官、基因编辑、高内涵成像和单细胞分析等技术对其功能研究和应用评价起促进作用。HFSCs在毛发再生、创面修复和组织工程中表现出应用潜力，但干细胞干性的保持、细胞异质性情况、递送整合效率和长期安全性仍要进行更多研究。本文对HFSCs形态分布、增殖分化能力、表型标志物、相关调控信号及研究技术做了综述，还梳理其在毛发再生、创面修复、组织工程和神经相关再生中的研究证据，以期给HFSCs相关机制研究和转化评价提供参照信息。

Hair follicle stem cells (HFSCs), a kind of adult stem cells located in the bulge region of hair follicles, participate in cyclical hair follicle renewal and skin wound repair. Current evidence indicates that Wnt/β-catenin, bone morphogenetic protein (BMP), and sonic hedgehog (Shh) signaling pathways, together with neural, metabolic, mechanical, and injury-related microenvironments, regulate the transition between quiescence and activation in HFSCs. Three-dimensional culture, organoids, gene editing, high-content imaging, and single-cell analysis have also played a promoting role in its functional studies and translational evaluation. HFSCs show potential for hair regeneration, wound repair, and tissue engineering; however, maintenance of stemness, cellular heterogeneity, delivery and integration efficiency, and long-term safety require further investigation. This review summarizes the morphology and distribution, proliferation and differentiation, phenotypic markers, regulatory signals, and research techniques of HFSCs, as well as evidence for their use in hair regeneration, wound repair, tissue engineering, and neural regeneration, providing a reference for mechanistic studies and translational evaluation of HFSC-related strategies.