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中华细胞与干细胞杂志(电子版)

中华细胞与干细胞杂志(电子版) ›› 2026, Vol. 16 ›› Issue (01) : 31 -38. doi: 10.3877/cma.j.issn.2095-1221.2026.01.004

综述

单细胞测序在髓母细胞瘤微环境及转移复发研究中的应用
高嘉钰1,4, 张焕磊2, 韩发彬1,3,†()   
  1. 1262500　潍坊，山东第二医科大学附属益都中心医院转化医学实验室
    2262500　潍坊，山东第二医科大学附属益都中心医院医学影像科
    3252000　聊城，山东第一医科大学附属聊城医院干细胞与再生医学实验室
    4100049　北京，中国科学院大学生命科学学院
  • 收稿日期:2025-06-09 出版日期:2026-02-01
  • 通信作者: 韩发彬
  • 基金资助:
    潍坊市科学技术发展计划（医学类）(2023YX114); 山东第二医科大学附属医院科技发展项目(2023FYQ020); 潍坊市益都中心医院引进人才基金(RC2023-09)

The application of single-cell sequencing in the study of the microenvironment and metastasis and recurrence of medulloblastoma

Jiayu Gao1,4, Huanlei Zhang2, Fabin Han1,3,†()   

  1. 1Translational Medicine Laboratory, Yidu Central Hospital, Shandong Second Medical University, Weifang 262500, China
    2Department of Medical Imaging, Yidu Central Hospital, Shandong Second Medical University, Weifang 262500, China
    3The Institute for Tissue Engineerings and Regenerative Medicine, Liaocheng Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Liaocheng 252000, China
    4College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
  • Received:2025-06-09 Published:2026-02-01
  • Corresponding author: Fabin Han
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高嘉钰, 张焕磊, 韩发彬. 单细胞测序在髓母细胞瘤微环境及转移复发研究中的应用[J/OL]. 中华细胞与干细胞杂志(电子版), 2026, 16(01): 31-38.

Jiayu Gao, Huanlei Zhang, Fabin Han. The application of single-cell sequencing in the study of the microenvironment and metastasis and recurrence of medulloblastoma[J/OL]. Chinese Journal of Cell and Stem Cell(Electronic Edition), 2026, 16(01): 31-38.

髓母细胞瘤（MB）是儿童最常见的恶性脑肿瘤，当前临床常规治疗以手术切除、放射治疗及化疗为主。然而，肿瘤细胞的异质性及其与复杂微环境的相互作用增加精准治疗的难度，导致传统干预手段疗效受限，患者预后仍面临较大挑战。近年来，单细胞转录组测序（scRNA-seq）技术的突破性发展，为解析MB生物学机制和治疗靶点选择提供高分辨率研究工具。该技术通过单细胞基因表达谱分析，在单细胞水平揭示MB肿瘤细胞亚群的异质性谱系特征及微环境动态演变规律。本文系统综述scRNA-seq在MB肿瘤异质性以及微环境特征的最新研究进展，并探讨上述发现对于解析MB生物学机制及发掘其临床治疗价值的意义。同时针对scRNA-seq面临的肿瘤样本异质性捕获效率、空间转录组整合分析等挑战，并展望其在MB精准诊疗中的研究方向与应用潜力。

关键词: 单细胞转录组测序, 髓母细胞瘤, 肿瘤异质性, 肿瘤微环境

Medulloblastoma (MB) is the most common malignant brain tumor in children. Currently, the conventional clinical treatments mainly include surgical resection, radiotherapy and chemotherapy. However, the heterogeneity of tumor cells and their interaction with complex microenvironments significantly increase the difficulty of precise treatment, leading to limited efficacy of traditional intervention methods and great challenges for patient prognosis. In recent years, the breakthrough development of single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) technology has provided high-resolution research tools for understanding the biological mechanism of MB and the selection of therapeutic targets. This technology reveals the heterogeneous lineage characteristics and the dynamic evolution patterns of the microenvironment of MB tumor cell subtypes at the single-cell level through single-cell gene expression profiling analysis. This article systematically reviews the latest research progress of scRNA-seq in the heterogeneity of MB and the characteristics of the microenvironment, and explores the significance of these findings for understanding the biological mechanism of MB and its potential application value in clinical treatment. Meanwhile, in view of the challenges faced by scRNA-seq, such as the capture efficiency of tumor sample heterogeneity and the integration analysis of spatial transcriptomes, this review proposes its future research directions and application potential for the precise diagnosis and treatment of MB.

Key words: Single-cell RNA sequencing, Medulloblastoma, Tumor heterogeneity, Tumor microenvironment
表1 髓母细胞瘤的临床特征
亚群 WNT SHH G3 G4
病例占比（%） 10 30 25 35
诊断高峰期 6 ~ 10岁 婴儿和成人 3 ~ 5岁 成人
性别比例（男:女） 1 : 1 1 : 1 2 : 1 3 : 1
预后 很好 TP53野生型良好；TP53突变型较差 很差 良好
细胞起源 苔藓纤维神经元细胞 颗粒神经元祖细胞 菱唇脑室下区祖细胞 菱唇脑室下区祖细胞
突变基因 CTNNB1、DDX3X、SMARCA4、TP53 TERT、PTCH1、TP53、SUFU、SMO MYC、GLI1B、GFI1、OTX2、SMARCA4 MYCN、CDK6、KDM6A
图1 髓母细胞瘤肿瘤微环境细胞组成
表2 髓母细胞瘤微环境细胞作用及其治疗靶点
TME细胞 作用 治疗靶点 参考文献
TILs CD8+ CTL通过抗原特异性识别直接介导肿瘤细胞杀伤；CD4+ Th通过分泌细胞因子促进适应性免疫反应；Tregs抑制抗肿瘤免疫反应，促进肿瘤进展。 GZMA [33,34]
  Tregs通过释放抗炎细胞因子来控制免疫细胞的活性。   [36,37]
TAMs M2型TAMs由IL-4诱导释放生长因子，参与肿瘤进展和免疫抑制。 SPP1、CEBPB、OLFML2B、CD1C、NAT1 [42,43]
  TAMs浸润水平较低与复发率和远处转移风险的下降相关。 [52]
  M1型TAMs预示着更好的无进展生存期。 [3,37,53]
TAAs TAAs通过分泌细胞因子、生长因子及上调肿瘤细胞生存基因的表达，促进脑肿瘤生长和进展。 HMGB1、PTPRZ1 [56,59]
  TAAs通过提供SHH配体激活Ptch1介导的非经典的SHH通路，诱导肿瘤细胞Nestin表达并解除Gli3对经典SHH信号通路的抑制，从而驱动肿瘤的起始与维持。 [56,60,61]
  坏死性TAAs分泌CCL2，激活JAK2/STAT3-Notch通路，维持转移性MB干细胞特性并驱动肿瘤进展。 [66]
  在复发性SHH-MB中，肿瘤细胞可以在BMPs刺激下转分化为TAAs，促进肿瘤进展。 [66,67]
TAFs PDGF配体趋化性招募TAFs，并将其重编程为转移相关TAFs，通过分泌BMP等因子，增强MB在软脑膜的定植能力和转移灶生长。 PDGF [31]
ECs ECs通过Norrin/Fzd4信号通路调控脑膜巨噬细胞的功能，发挥抗肿瘤作用。 CXCL4 [32]
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